[1] Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine: EU extends individual listings over Ukraine’s territorial integrity for a further six months. (2026, March 14). European Council. Council of the European Union.
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2026/03/14/russia-s-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-extends-individual-listings-over-ukraine-s-territorial-integrity-for-a-further-six-months/
[2] Baldwin, D. A. (2000). The sanctions debate and the logic of choice. International Security, 24(3), 80-107.
https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560248
[3] Drezner, D. W. (1999). The sanctions paradox: Economic statecraft and international relations. Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549366
[4] Weiss, T. G. (1999). Sanctions as a foreign policy tool: Weighing humanitarian impulses. Journal of Peace Research, 36(5), 499-509.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343399036005001
[5] Hofer, A. (2019). The efficacy of targeted sanctions in enforcing compliance with international law. American Journal of International Law, 113, 128-133.
https://doi.org/10.1017/AJU.2019.23
[6] Kustra, A. (2022). Economic sanctions as deterrents and constraints. Journal of Peace Research, 59(4), 575-589.
https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221088323
[7] Baldwin, D. A., Pape, R. A., & Drezner, D. W. (1998). Evaluating economic sanctions. International Security, 23(2), 189-198.
https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC.23.2.189
[8] Morgan, T. C., Krustev, V., & Bapat, N. (1995). Economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy: The role of domestic politics. International Interactions, 21(3), 247-263.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629508434868
[9] Drezner, D. W. (2022). How not to sanction. International Affairs, 98(5), 1533-1552.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac065
[10] Mertens, T. (2024). Carrots as sticks: How effective are foreign aid suspensions and economic sanctions? International Studies Quarterly, 68(1),
https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqae016
[11] Pape, R. A. (1997). Why economic sanctions do not work. International Security, 22(2), 90-136.
https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC.22.2.90
[12] Baldwin, D. A. (2000). The sanctions debate and the logic of choice. International Security, 24(3), 80-107.
https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560248
[13] Lopez, G. A. (2012). In defense of smart sanctions: A response to Joy Gordon. Ethics & International Affairs, 26(1), 135-146.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S089267941200007X
[14] Heine-Ellison, S. (2001). The impact and effectiveness of multilateral economic sanctions: A comparative study. The International Journal of Human Rights, 5(1), 81-112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/714003707
[15] Peksen, D. (2019). When do imposed economic sanctions work? A critical review of the sanctions effectiveness literature. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(6), 635-647.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2019.1625250
[16] Sanctions adopted following Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine. (2025, December 15). European Commission.
https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en
[17] Russia’s war against Ukraine: EU sanctions. European Council. Council of The European Union. Retrieved March 16, 2026, from
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia/
[18] Ibidem.
[19] Ibidem.
[20] Sanctions adopted following Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine. (2025, December 15). European Commission.
https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en
[21] EU sanctions against Russia following the invasion of Ukraine. European Commission. Retrieved March 16, 2026, from
https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine/eu-sanctions-against-russia-following-invasion-ukraine_en
[22] 19th package of sanctions against Russia: EU targets Russian energy, third-country banks and crypto providers. (2025, October 23). European Council. Council of the European Union.
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/10/23/19th-package-of-sanctions-against-russia-eu-targets-russian-energy-third-country-banks-and-crypto-providers/
[23] Russia’s war against Ukraine: EU sanctions. European Council. Council of The European Union. Retrieved March 16, 2026, from
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia/
[24] EU sanctions against Russia following the invasion of Ukraine. European Commission. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine/eu-sanctions-against-russia-following-invasion-ukraine_en
[25] EU sanctions against Russia: questions and answers. European Council. Council of the European Union. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia-explained/
[26] Caprile, A., & Cirlig, C. EU sanctions against Russia 2025: State of play, perspectives and chalenges. PE 767.243 – February 2025. European Parliament. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2025/767243/EPRS_BRI(2025)767243_EN.pdf
[27] Impact of sanctions on the Russian economy. European Council. Council of the European Union. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/impact-sanctions-russian-economy/
[28] Caprile, A., & Cirlig, C. EU sanctions against Russia 2025: State of play, perspectives and chalenges. PE 767.243 – February 2025. European Parliament. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2025/767243/EPRS_BRI(2025)767243_EN.pdf
[29] EU sanctions against Russia: questions and answers. European Council. Council of the European Union. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia-explained/
[30] Caprile, A., & Cirlig, C. EU sanctions against Russia 2025: State of play, perspectives and chalenges. PE 767.243 – February 2025. European Parliament. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2025/767243/EPRS_BRI(2025)767243_EN.pdf
[31] Ibidem.
[32] Impact of sanctions on the Russian economy. European Council. Council of the European Union. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/impact-sanctions-russian-economy/
[33] EU sanctions against Russia: questions and answers. European Council. Council of the European Union. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia-explained/
[34] Caprile, A., & Cirlig, C. EU sanctions against Russia 2025: State of play, perspectives and chalenges. PE 767.243 – February 2025. European Parliament. Retrieved March 18, 2026, from
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2025/767243/EPRS_BRI(2025)767243_EN.pdf
[35] Comment by the Russian Permanent Mission to the EU regarding the 16th package of anti-Russian sanctions adopted by the European Union, 24 February 2025. (2025, February 24). Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the European Union and Euratom.
https://russiaeu.mid.ru/en/press-centre/news/comment_by_the_russian_permanent_mission_to_the_eu_regarding_the_16th_package_of_anti_russian_sancti/
[36] Remarks by Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the OSCE Maxim Buyakevich at an OSCE Permanent Council meeting, November 27, 2025. (2025, November 27). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/international_safety/2061708/
[37] The Government’s annual report to the State Duma. (2023, March 23). The Russian Government.
http://government.ru/en/news/48055/
[38] Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s interview with Russian and international news media, Moscow, December 26, 2024. (2024, December 26). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1989213/
[39] Bart De Wever (N-VA): “Un deal avec la Russie semble la seule solution envisageable.” (n.d.). L’Echo. Retrieved March 19, 2026, from
https://www.lecho.be/dossiers/gouvernement-federal/bart-de-wever-n-va-un-deal-avec-la-russie-semble-la-seule-solution-envisageable/10652525.html. See also
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/16/belgian-pm-bart-de-wever-call-repair-relations-russia-energy-costs-condemned