26th SCO Summit group photograph. Prime Minister's Office (GODL-India), GODL-India , via Wikimedia Commons

Xi, Putin and Modi looking in different directions as Shanghai Cooperation Organisation marks 25th anniversary

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) marked its 25th anniversary in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, with all the trappings a diplomatic milestone demands. There were…

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AI brain processes big data with generative AI, LLMs, and machine learning to support business decisions, prompt engineering, and future agentic artificial intelligence systems. spline. Source: Shutterstock

Why isn’t artificial intelligence just another technology? Part 1

Abstract This paper is the first in a series of papers exploring artificial intelligence (AI) technology. It begins with the argument that AI is fundamentally…

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Russian President Vladimir Putin during a state visit to Astana, accompanied by President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN - MAY 28, 2026. Source: Shutterstock

Calling on Russia to “Freeze” the War in Ukraine – Do Smaller States’ Voices Matter Against Great Powers?

President Tokayev’s call to “freeze” the war came not from Kyiv or Brussels but from inside Russia’s own security architecture. If other CSTO and EAEU…

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The Mecca Defense Pact: Why Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, and Pakistan united – and How Iran, Israel, and the United States responded?

I. Introduction As Figure 1 shows, Saudi Arabia, Türkiye, and Pakistan signed a Joint Defense Pact as tensions in the Middle East continue to escalate…

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Flags of the USA, Ukraine, Russia and North Korea. Conflict and geopolitical tensions. Source: Shutterstock

North Korea grows stronger as South Korea reckons with fading US support

According to Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelensky, North Korea is preparing to send as many as 50,000 fresh troops to support Russia’s military campaign in Ukraine.…

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The Contested Architecture of Global Finance: Infrastructure, Autonomy, and the Limits of De-Dollarization

For decades, the international financial system has rested on an extraordinary paradox: the world has become deeply dependent on a financial architecture centered on the…

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